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(FRAME-INFO (STRING " Middle Ear Ossicles. \(Images modified from  C. Kaiser drawings after G. Wolf-Heidegger, Atlas of Systemic Human Anatomy. S. Karger, 1990. Reproduced with permission of S. Karger AG Basel\). The ossicular chain \(malleus, incus and stapes\) provides  an impedance match between the pressure variations in the air and in the fluid in the cochlea; the force amplification which is provided through these mechanical levers acts at the oval window. Not shown are the tensor tympani muscle \(innervated by cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve\) and stapedius muscle \(innervated by cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve\), which mediate acoustic reflexes to protect the cochlea and improve speech discrimination. "))
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